DYNAMICS MARKINGS:
VolumeCrescendo (cresc): Gradually increase the volume
Decrescendo (decresc.): Gradually softer
Diminuendo (dim.): Gradually softer
Forte (f): Strong or loud
Fortepiano (fp): Loud then immediately soft
Fortissimo (ff): Very strong or loud
Mezzo: medium or moderately (as in mezzo piano or mezzo soprano)
Morendo: Die away
Pianissimo: very soft
Piano: Soft
Sforzando (sfz): Loud sudden attack
TEMPO:
Grave: Very very slow and solemn (30-50)
Largo: Broad and slow (40 – 50)
Lento: Slow & calm (but not as slow as Largo) (50)
Adagio: Slowly, leisurely (60 – 80)
Andante: In a walking tempo, moderately slow (80 – 96)
Maestoso: Majestically (80 -104)
Allegretto: Tempo between Allegro and Andante (96-116)
Moderato: In a moderate tempo (112-130)
Allegro: Quick and lively (120-160)
Vivace: Very Fast (140 – 180)
Presto: Very fast (160-200)
Prestissimo: As fast as possible (180 + )
TEMPO MODIFIERS:
Accelerando (Accel.): Gradually increase the tempo
Alla Breve: (Same as cut time) – Two beats per measure & half note get the beat
Allargando: Gradually slower and broader
A tempo: In the original speed
Grand Pause (G.P.): A long pause in the music
L’istesso tempo: In the same beat speed
Meno Mosso: less motion, a little slower
Piu mosso: more motion; a little faster
Rallentendo: Gradually slower
Ritardando: Gradually slower
Rubato: Not in a strict tempo
Stringendo: Press the tempo; gradually faster
Tenuto: Hold full value or stretch the notes
FORM:
Attacca: Attached
Cadenza: extended section for soloist alone
Coda: A finishing section (tail)
Da Capo (D.C.) : From the beginning
Dal Segno (D.S.): From the sign
Fine: The end
INSTRUMENTATION INSTRUCTIONS:
Ad Libertum (ad. lib.): At the performer’s discretion, improvisation
Divisi (div.): Divide the between players
Ossia: an alternate part
Soli: Like instruments playing same part
Solo: one player
Tacet: Silent
Tutti: Everyone
Unison: All play same part
STYLISTIC INDICATIONS:
Animato: In an animated style
Brio, con: With brilliance, with spirit,
Cantabile: In a singing style
Dolce: Sweetly
Espressivo: With Expression
Fuoco, con: With fire
Grazioso: gracefully
Legato: Smooth and connected
Maestoso: Majestically
Marcato: Marked with distinctness, every note accented
Pesante: Heavily, emphatic
Semplice: simple
Sostenuto: Sustained
Staccato: Separated
Secco: dryly, extremely separated
Sordino: Mute (con sordino: with mute; senza sordino: without mute)
QUALIFIERS:
Assia: very (Allegro assia -very fast)
Con: with (con fuoco – with fire)
Molto: Much (molto crescendo – increase volume significantly)
Non troppo: Not too much (Allegro non troppo – not too fast)
Poco a poco: Little by little (diminuendo poco a poco – softer little by little)
Subito: Immediately, suddenly (subito piano – suddenly soft)
Senza: Without (senza sordino – without mute)
Sempre: Always (sempre staccato – always separated)
Simile: Continue in a like manner (usually used for articulation)